Voiced and voiceless in english
airstream from the lungs moves out through the trachea and the opening between the vocal cords (glottis)
Voiced: when the airstream forces its way
through and caused the vocal cords (which
aren’t apart) to vibrate
e.g. /b, d, g, v, ð, dʒ, z, ʒ/
~ Voiceless: when the air is not obstructed at the
glottis, -since the vocal cords are apart- and
passes freely into the supragottal cavities
e.g. /p, t. k, f, θ, tʃ, s, ʃ, h/
NASAL & ORAL SOUNDS
Nasal Sounds: produced when the velum is lowered, so the air escapes not only
through the mouth but also the nose
e.g. /m, n, η/
Oral Sounds: produced when the velum is raised , so the air escapes only through the
mouth
e.g. /b, d, g,/
The formula:
Nasal (+ nasal)
Oral (- nasal)